Radiation Terms and Definitions-01
Radiation Terms and Definitions
This page provides a list of general terms that are used to describe aspects of radiation science. Click on the desired term from the list to retrieve the definition for the term.
Chain reaction
A reaction that is self-sustaining. In a fission chain reaction, the nucleus of a fissionable atom absorbs a neutron and fissions (i.e., breaks apart), releasing additional neutrons. These, in turn, can be absorbed by other fissionable nuclei, releasing still more neutrons. A fission chain reaction is self-sustaining when the number of neutrons released in a given time equals or exceeds the number of neutrons lost by absorption in nonfissionable material or by escape from the system.
Charged particle
An ion. An elementary particle carrying a positive or negative electric charge.
Collective dose
The sum of the individual doses received in a given time period by a specified population from exposure to a specified source of radiation.
Committed dose equivalent
The dose to a specific organ or tissue that is received from an intake of radioactive material by an individual over a specified time after the intake. For radiation protection purposes, the specified time is to the age of 70, which is normally taken to be 50 years for a radiation worker and 70 years for a member of the public.
Committed effective dose equivalent
The committed dose equivalent for a given organ multiplied by a weighting factor.
Compact
A group of two or more states formed to dispose of low-level radioactive waste on a regional basis. A number of states have formed compacts.
Depleted uranium
Uranium having a percentage of uranium-235 smaller than the 0.7 percent found in natural uranium. It is obtained from spent (used) fuel elements or as byproduct tails, or residues, from uranium isotope separation.
Derived air concentration (DAC)
The concentration of radioactive material in air that will result in an annual limit of intake if an individual breathes that air for a year. For a radiation worker, it is assumed air is breathed for 2,000 hours in one year in the workplace.
Detector
A material or device that is sensitive to radiation and can produce a response signal suitable for measurement or analysis. A radiation detection instrument.
Deterministic effect
Health effects, the severity of which varies with the dose and for which a threshold is believed to exist. Deterministic effects generally result from the receipt of a relatively high dose over a short time period. Skin erythema (reddening) and radiation-induced cataract formation is an example of a deterministic effect (formerly called a nonstochastic effect).
Dose
A general term used to refer to the effect on a material that is exposed to radiation. It is used to refer either to the amount of energy absorbed by a material exposed to radiation (see Dose, absorbed) or to the potential biological effect in tissue exposed to radiation (see Dose, equivalent).
Dose rate
The radiation dose delivered per unit time.
Dose, absorbed
The amount of energy deposited in any substance by ionizing radiation per unit mass of the substance. It is expressed numerically in rads (traditional units) or grays (SI units).
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